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ITA 1481/PUN/2010

• Counselvise Citation: [2013] 120 COUNSELVISE.COM (IT) 1996 (ITAT-PUNE)
• Duration Of Justice: 2 year(s) 2 month(s) 19 day(s)
• Appeal Type: Income Tax Appeal
• Pronouncement Date: 19-03-2013
• Appeal Filed By: Assessee
• Order Result: Allowed
• Bench Allotted: B
• Next Hearing Date: 22-10-2012
• Assessment Year: 2006-2007
• Appeal Filed On: 30-12-2010
• Result in Favour of: Assessee
• Court: TRIBUNAL
• Department Lawyers: S PRAVEENA
• Keywords: Opportunity of being heard; Bad and doubtful debts
• Section: 194C

Judgement Text

IN THE INCOME TAX APPELLATE TRIBUNAL PUNE BENCH B, PUNE BEFORE SHRI SHAILENDRA KUMAR YADAV, JUDICIAL MEMBER AND SHRI R.K. PANDA, ACCOUNTANT MEMBER ITA NO. 1481/PN/2010 (ASSESSMENT YEAR 2006-07) WWW.CHANAKYANETSTUDY.COM PROP.MRS. UMA SURENDRA SHINDE 3957, GURUPRASAD MUDRA MANDIR, NEAR CITY POLICE, AHMEDNAGAR. .. APPELLANT PAN NO. AAABW 0039R VS. DCIT, AHMEDNAGAR CIRCLE, AHMEDNAGAR. .. RESPONDENT APPELLANT BY : SRI S.N. PURANIK RESPONDENT BY : SMT. S. PRAVEENA DATE OF HEARING : 28-02-2013 DATE OF PRONOUNCEMENT : 19-03-2013 ORDER PER R.K. PANDA, AM : THIS APPEAL FILED BY THE ASSESSEE IS DIRECTED AGAIN ST THE ORDER DATED 22-10-2010 OF THE CIT(A)-I, PUNE RELATING TO ASSESS MENT YEAR 2006-07. 2. FACTS OF THE CASE, IN BRIEF, ARE THAT THE ASSESS EE IS ENGAGED IN THE BUSINESS OF DEVELOPMENT AND SALE OF SCHOOL EDUCATIO NAL SOFTWARES FOR STANDARD 1 TO 12 IN MARATHI AS WELL AS IN ENGLISH M EDIUM. DURING THE COURSE OF ASSESSMENT PROCEEDINGS THE ASSESSING OFFI CER NOTED THAT THE ASSESSEE HAS MADE A PROVISION OF ` 43,50,000 AS LABOUR CHARGES PAYABLE. ON BEING QUESTIONED BY THE ASSESSING OFFICER IT WAS SU BMITTED THAT THE PROVISION WAS MADE FOR EXPENSES WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO BE MADE BY THE ASSESSEE FOR UPGRADATION OF SOFTWARES TO DIFFERENT CLIENTS. IT WAS SUBMITTED THAT THE ASSESSEE IS OBLIGED TO CARRY OUT THE UPGRA DATION AS A CONDITION OF 2 SALE. IT WAS ACCORDINGLY EXPLAINED THAT THE JOURNA L ENTRIES WERE PASSED IN DIFFERENT NAMES AS AMOUNT PAYABLE FOR JOB WORK CHA RGES. THE ASSESSING OFFICER NOTED THAT NO TDS WAS DEDUCTED FROM THE ABO VE PROVISION. HE THEREFORE HELD THAT THE EXPENDITURE CANNOT BE ALLOW ED AS DEDUCTION U/S.40(A)(IA). 3. BEFORE THE CIT(A) THE ASSESSEE STRONGLY CHALLENG ED THE ORDER OF THE ASSESSING OFFICER AND SUBMITTED THAT NO DISALLOWAN CE U/S.40(A)(IA) IS CALLED FOR. VARIOUS DECISIONS WERE ALSO CITED BEFORE HIM. 3.1 HOWEVER, THE LEARNED CIT(A) WAS NOT SATISFIED W ITH THE EXPLANATION GIVEN BY THE ASSESSEE AND UPHELD THE ACTION OF THE ASSESSING OFFICER BY HOLDING AS UNDER : 5.3 I HAVE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED THE FACTS OF THE CASE APPEARING FROM THE AVAILABLE RECORDS AND THE APPLICABLE LAW, AND FIND THAT THIS IS A CASE IN WHICH THE APPELLANT IS ENGAGED IN THE BUSINESS OF DEVELOPMENT AND SALE OF EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARES. THE SOFTWARES WHICH ARE SOLD TO DIFFEREN T CLIENTS CONTAINED CONDITION ON THE PART OF THE SUPPLIER TO PROVIDE MODIFICATION /DEVELOPMENT AS PER THEIR REQUIREMENT FOR TWO YEARS. IN VIEW OF THE ABOVE, TH E APPELLANT HAS CLAIMED THAT THE EXPENDITURE WHICH ARE RELATING TO THE SALE OF S OFTWARES RECOGNISED AS REVENUE IN THIS YEAR, HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THIS YEAR. I N OTHER WORDS, THE EXPENDITURE WHICH ARE LIKELY TO ARISE IN THE PERIOD OF TWO YEAR S STARTING FROM THE DATE OF SALE ON ACCOUNT OF DEVELOPMENT/ MODIFICATIONS HAS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THIS YEAR AND THEREFORE, THE APPELLANT HAS MADE A PROVISION FOR T HE SAME AND DEBITED IT IN THE MANUFACTURING ACCOUNT. ON EXAMINATION OF FACTS IT I S FOUND THAT THE EXPENDITURE IS ON ESTIMATE AND HAS ACTUALLY NOT CRYSTALISED OR ACCRUED. AT THE MOST IT CAN BE CONSIDERED THAT THE COMMITMENT TO INCUR SUCH EXPEND ITURE HAS ARISEN. IT CANNOT BE SAID THAT SUCH A COMMITMENT WILL LEAD TO EXPENDI TURE, AS THE SAME IS CONTINGENT UPON THE REQUIREMENT OF MODIFICATION BY CLIENTS WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT ARISE. THE RELIANCE PLACED BY THE APPELLANT ON THE CASE OF CALCUTTA CO. LTD. IS FOUND TO BE NOT CORRECT. THE ABOVE ISSUE WAS RELATI NG TO A.Y. 1948-49 WHEN THE PRESENT ACT WAS NOT IN OPERATION. EVEN IN THIS JUDG EMENT THE HON'BLE COURT HAS ALLOWED THE EXPENDITURE AS IT WAS FOUND THAT THE EX PENDITURE HAS ACCRUED RELATING TO INCOME WHICH WAS ALSO BROUGHT TO TAX ON ACCRUAL BASIS. IN THIS CASE, EVEN THOUGH THE INCOME HAS ACCRUED AND ARISEN, THE EXPEN DITURE WHICH ARE LIKELY TO OCCUR BECAUSE OF A CLAUSE IN THE SALE DOCUMENT CANN OT BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE ACCRUED. THE EXPENDITURE IS PURELY ON CONTINGENT AN D ESTIMATE BASIS. THE DIRECT EXPENDITURE WHICH HAS BEEN INCURRED BY THE APPELLAN T HAS ALREADY BEEN ALLOWED AND THERE IS NO DISPUTE ON THAT. IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE, THE APPELLANT HAS CLAIMED ON THE ISSUE OF DISALLOWANCE MADE BY .THE A SSESSING OFFICER U/S 40A(IA) THAT THOUGH THE ABOVE EXPENDITURE IS ON ESTIMATE BA SIS AND IT IS NOT KNOWN TO WHOM IT WILL BE PAID, BUT THE SAME HAS TO BE PROVID ED. IN VIEW OF THE SAME, THE APPELLANT CLAIMS THAT THE OBLIGATION TO DEDUCT TDS HAS NOT ARISEN AND THEREFORE, DISALLOWANCE U/S 40A(IA) CANNOT BE MADE. THE ARGUME NTS OF THE APPELLANT MADE IN RESPECT OF ALLOWABILITY OF THE EXPENDITURE AND T HE APPLICATION OF PROVISIONS RELATING TO 40A(IA) ARE CONTRADICTORY TO EACH OTHER . ON THE ISSUE OF ALLOWABILITY IT 3 IS BEING CLAIMED THAT THE EXPENDITURE HAS CRYSTALIS ED, WHEREAS ON THE ISSUE OF APPLICABILITY OF 40A(IA), IT IS BEING CLAIMED THAT THE EXPENSE IS ON ESTIMATION TO BE INCURRED IN FUTURE, AND IN SUCH EVENTUALITY THE VEN DER WILL BE APPOINTED FOR PROVIDING THESE SERVICES AND THEREFORE, APPELLANT C LAIMS TO BE NOT EVEN KNOWING THE PERSONS TO WHOM THE EXPENDITURE IS TO BE MADE. IF SUCH IS THE CASE THEN THE EXPENDITURE IS ONLY CONTINGENT IN NATURE AND CANNOT BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE ACCRUED. IN MY OPINION, THE DISALLOWANCE MADE BY T HE ASSESSING OFFICER IS CORRECT. IF THE EXPENDITURE IS CONTINGENT, THEN IT IS NOT ALLOWABLE AND IF THE EXPENDITURE HAS ACCRUED THEN 40(A)(IA) WILL BE APP LICABLE AND THE EXPENDITURE WILL GET DISALLOWED. THE APPEAL THEREFORE, IS DISM ISSED ON THIS ADDITION. 4. AGGRIEVED WITH SUCH ORDER OF THE CIT(A) THE ASSE SSEE IS IN APPEAL BEFORE US WITH THE FOLLOWING GROUNDS : 1) THE LEARNED COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX (APPEALS ) ERRED IN UPHOLDING DISALLOWANCE U/S. 40(A)(IA) OF THE INCOME TAX ACT, 1961 ON THE GROUND THAT THE PROVISION OF THE SAID SECTION WERE APPLICABLE TO TH E EXPENDITURE HAD ACCRUED. 2) THE LEARNED CIT(A) FAILED TO APPRECIATE THAT AN AMOUNT OF RS.43,50,000/-WAS PROVIDED FOR LABOUR CHARGES PAYABLE AND THE SAID PR OVISION WAS FOUND ADMISSIBLE AS DEDUCTION BY THE LEARNED ASSESSING OFFICER. 3) THE LEARNED CIT(A) FURTHER FAILED TO APPRECIATE THAT THE PROVISION OF RS. 43,50,000/- FOUND ADMISSIBLE U/S.37 OF THE INCOME T AX ACT, 1961 WAS NOT LIABLE FOR DEDUCTION OF TAX AT SAME AS THE PAYEE/ PAYEES THERE OF WAS/ WERE NOT IDENTIFIABLE. 4) THE LEARNED CIT(A) FURTHER FAILED TO APPRECIATE THAT CBDT HAS ACCEPTED THE LEGAL POSITION VIDE ITS LETTER NO.275 /126/96 I T(B) DATED JULY 5, 1996 THAT THE PROVISION OF SEC. 193 WERE NOT APPLICABLE IN CASES WHERE PROVISION WAS MADE BUT PAYEE WAS NOT IDENTIFIABLE. THE PROVISION WAS MADE BUT PAYEE WAS NOT IDENTIFIABLE. THE POSITION STATED IN THE SAID LETTER EQUALLY APPL IES TO THE ASSESSEE'S CASE. 5) THE APPELLANT CRAVE, LEAVE, TO ADD, ALTER, RAIS E OR MODIFY; ANY GROUND AT THE TIME OF HEARING. 5. THE LEARNED COUNSEL FOR THE ASSESSEE STRONGLY CH ALLENGED THE ORDER OF THE CIT(A). HE SUBMITTED THAT THE ASSESSEE HAS BEE N ASSIGNED THE CONTRACT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASTRA FOR DEVELOPING SOFT WARE BASED ON SCHOOL EDUCATION CURRICULUM FOR STANDARD 1 TO 12 IN MARATH I AS WELL AS IN ENGLISH MEDIUM. THE ASSESSEE HAS TO DEVELOP SOFTWARE, GET IT APPROVED AND CIRCULATE CDS TO VARIOUS SCHOOLS IN MAHARASTRA. RE FERRING TO PAPER BOOK PAGES 211 TO 214 HE SUBMITTED THAT SUCH TENDER WAS ALLOTTED IN APRIL 2005 AND ACCORDING TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE TE NDER THE CDS/SOFTWARES SHALL BE UNDER TWO YEAR WARRANTY ALONG WITH UPGRADA TION AND/OR 4 MODIFICATIONS IN CONTENTS AS DIRECTED BY MAHARASTRA PRATHAMIK SIKSHAN PARISHAD. FOR THE IMPUGNED ASSESSMENT YEAR THE TUR NOVER OF THE ASSESSEE ON ACCOUNT OF SALE ON SUPPLY TO GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS WAS ` 2.84 CRORES. HE SUBMITTED THAT IN TERMS OF TENDER CONDITIONS FOR TW O YEARS WARRANTY AND FOR UPGRADATION/MODIFICATION THE ASSESSEE MADE A PROVIS ION OF ` 43,50,000 SINCE WHOLE SALE PROCEEDS ARE ACCOUNTED FOR DURING THIS Y EAR. HE SUBMITTED THAT THE PROVISION SO DEBITED TO PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT IS AS PER MERCANTILE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING AND IN CONSONANCE WITH THE DEC ISION OF HONBLE SUPREME COURT IN THE CASE OF CALCUTTA CO. LTD. VS. CIT REPORTED IN 37 ITR. HE SUBMITTED THAT SINCE THE PAYEES ARE UN-IDENTIFIA BLE AND SINCE PAYEE-WISE AMOUNT PAYABLE WAS NOT THERE, THEREFORE, THE LIABIL ITY TO TDS WAS NOT ASCERTAINABLE. 5.1 HE SUBMITTED THAT DURING ASSESSMENT PROCEEDINGS ASSESSEE HAD PRODUCED THE LIST OF JOB WORK OPERATORS TO WHOM PAY MENTS WERE MADE IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS. AS REGARDS THE ALLEGATION THE LE ARNED CIT(A) THAT THE EXPENDITURE IS CONTINGENT UPON REQUIREMENT OF MODIF ICATION WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT ARISE AND THAT IF THE EXPENDITURE IS CONTIN GENT THEN IT IS NOT ALLOWABLE AND IF EXPENDITURE IS ACCRUED THEN 40(A)( IA) WILL BE APPLICABLE HE SUBMITTED THAT SINCE THE ASSESSING OFFICER HAS ACCE PTED ACCRUAL OF EXPENDITURE AND HAS VERIFIED THE ACTUAL PAYMENT FO R JOB WORK IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS OUT OF PROVISION, THEREFORE, THERE IS NO REAS ON TO DOUBT. 5.2 REFERRING TO THE DECISION OF HONBLE SUPREME CO URT IN THE CASE OF ROTORK CONTROLS INDIA PVT. LTD. REPORTED IN 314 ITR 62 HE SUBMITTED THAT PROVISION FOR WARRANTY IS AN ALLOWABLE EXPENDITURE. SO FAR AS THE ALLEGATION OF THE REVENUE THAT THERE IS DEFAULT IN TDS HE SUBM ITTED THAT IN ABSENCE OF IDENTIFICATION OF AMOUNT PAYABLE TO PARTICULAR PERS ONS IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO 5 MAKE TDS OUT OF SUCH PROVISION. HE FURTHER SUBMITT ED THAT THE ASSESSEE BEING AN INDIVIDUAL WAS NOT LIABLE TO TDS BEFORE 01 -06-07 SINCE SECTION 194C WAS AMENDED W.E.F.01-06-07. HE SUBMITTED THAT THE ASSESSEE WAS NOT LIABLE TO TAX AUDIT IN THE IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING AS SESSMENT YEAR 2005-06. FURTHER, IF AT ALL LIABLE, THE LIABILITY ARISES WHE N THE CONTRACT/PAYMENT EXCEEDS ` 50,000 PER CONTRACT PAYMENT. 5.3 HE SUBMITTED THAT SINCE THE ASSESSEE HIMSELF WA S A GOVERNMENT CONTRACTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE AND SUPPLY O F EDUCATIONAL CDS ETC. AND SINCE JOB WORKERS WERE NOT HIS SUB CONTRACTORS AS THEY HAVE NO PRIVITY OF CONTRACT WITH MAHARASTRA PRATHAMIK SHIKSHAN PARI SHAD, THEREFORE, THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 194C ARE NOT APPLICABLE TO HI M. FOR THIS PROPOSITION HE RELIED ON THE DECISION OF PUNE BENCH OF THE TRIB UNAL IN THE CASE OF VIJAY RAMCHANDRA SHIRSTH VS. ACIT IN ITA NO.1241/PN/2009 AND ITA NO.185/PN/2010 ORDER DATED 29-09-2011 FOR A.Y. 2005 -06 AND 2006-07. HE SUBMITTED THAT UNDER SOMEWHAT SIMILAR CIRCUMSTAN CES THE TRIBUNAL HAD HELD THAT PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER XVIIB OF THE ACT, P ARTICULARLY PROVISIONS OF SECTION 194C ARE NOT APPLICABLE FOR THE PAYMENTS MA DE TO VARIOUS PARTIES BY THE ASSESSEE AND ACCORDINGLY DISALLOWANCE MADE U/S. 40(A)(IA) BY THE ASSESSING OFFICER AND CONFIRMED BY THE CIT(A) WAS D IRECTED TO BE DELETED. HE ACCORDINGLY SUBMITTED THAT THE ORDER OF THE CIT( A) BE SET ASIDE AND THE ASSESSING OFFICER BE DIRECTED TO DELETE THE DISALLO WANCE MADE U/S.40(A)(IA). 6. THE LEARNED DEPARTMENTAL REPRESENTATIVE ON THE O THER HAND HEAVILY RELIED ON THE ORDER OF THE ASSESSING OFFICER AND TH E CIT(A). HE SUBMITTED THAT THE ASSESSEE HAS MADE PROVISIONS WITHOUT KNOWI NG THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES ETC. TO WHOM SUCH AMOUNT IS LIKELY TO BE PA ID. THEREFORE, THE SAME AMOUNTS TO CONTINGENT LIABILITY AND THEREFORE THE S AME IS NOT AN ALLOWABLE 6 EXPENDITURE. IF THE CONTENTION OF THE ASSESSEE THA T THE LIABILITY HAS ACCRUED IS ACCEPTED THEN THE ASSESSEE IS LIABLE TO DEDUCT T AX U/S.194C OF THE ACT AND IN ABSENCE OF THE SAME PROVISIONS OF SECTION 40(A)( IA) ARE ATTRACTED. REFERRING TO THE DECISION OF HONBLE SUPREME COURT IN THE CASE OF INDIAN MOLASSES CO. PVT. LTD. VS. CIT REPORTED IN 37 ITR 6 6 HE SUBMITTED THAT A CONTINGENT LIABILITY IS NOT AN ALLOWABLE EXPENDITUR E. 7. WE HAVE CONSIDERED THE RIVAL ARGUMENTS MADE BY B OTH THE SIDES, PERUSED THE ORDERS OF THE ASSESSING OFFICER AND THE CIT(A) AND THE PAPER BOOK FILED ON BEHALF OF THE ASSESSEE. WE HAVE ALSO CONSIDERED THE VARIOUS DECISIONS CITED BEFORE US. THERE IS NO DISPUTE TO THE FACT THAT THE ASSESSEE IN THE INSTANT CASE IS ENGAGED IN THE BUSINESS OF DEVE LOPMENT AND SALE OF EDUCATION SOFTWARE TO VARIOUS SCHOOLS IN MAHARASTRA . THERE IS ALSO NO DISPUTE TO THE FACT THAT AS PER THE TENDER CONDITIO NS THE CDS/SOFTWARES SHALL BE UNDER TWO YEAR WARRANTY ALONG WITH UPGRADATION A ND/OR MODIFICATIONS IN CONTENTS AS DIRECTED BY MAHARASTRA PRATHAMIK SHIKSH AN PARISHAD, A FACT SUBMITTED BY THE ASSESSEE BEFORE THE REVENUE AUTHOR ITIES AND NOT CONTROVERTED BY THE REVENUE. ACCORDING TO THE ASSE SSEE SINCE THE WHOLE SALE PROCEEDS ARE ACCOUNTED DURING THE IMPUGNED ASS ESSMENT YEAR AND SINCE THE SAME IS SUBJECT TO LIABILITY FOR TWO YEAR WARRA NTY, THEREFORE, THE PROVISIONS MADE FOR SUCH LIABILITY IS AN ALLOWABLE EXPENDITURE. IT IS ALSO THE SUBMISSION OF THE LEARNED COUNSEL FOR THE ASSESSEE THAT SINCE THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES ARE NOT KNOWN, THEREFORE, THE ASSESSEE HAS NOT MADE ANY TDS AS PER THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 194C R.W.S. 40(A)(IA) . IT IS THE CASE OF THE REVENUE THAT IF THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO WHOM SU CH AMOUNT IS PAYABLE IS NOT KNOWN, THEN IT IS A CONTINGENT LIABILITY AND TH EREFORE THE SAME IS NOT AN ALLOWABLE EXPENDITURE. IN CASE THE SAME IS AN ACCR UED LIABILITY THEN IN VIEW 7 OF VIOLATION OF PROVISIONS OF SECTION 194C DISALLOW ANCE OF THE SAME HAS TO BE MADE U/S.40(A)(IA). 8. IN THE INSTANT CASE, AS HAS ALREADY BEEN MENTION ED EARLIER, THE ASSESSEE HAS ACCOUNTED FOR THE ENTIRE SALE PROCEEDS DURING THE IMPUGNED ASSESSMENT YEAR WITH A CONDITION FOR TWO YEAR WARRA NTY FOR UPGRADATION AND/OR MODIFICATIONS OF CONTENTS OF THE CDS/SOFTWAR ES AS DIRECTED BY THE MAHARASTRA PRATHAMIK SHIKSHAN PARISHAD. ACCORDINGL Y, THE ASSESSEE HAS MADE PROVISION OF ` 43,50,000 AND IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS THE ASSESSEE HAS MADE PAYMENT FOR THE SAME AMOUNTING TO ` 9,60,703 IN A.Y. 2007-08 AND ` 7,71,795 IN A.Y. 2008-09. 8.1 THE HONBLE SUPREME COURT IN THE CASE OF CALCUT TA CO. LTD. (SUPRA) HAS HELD AS UNDER : APART, HOWEVER, FROM THE QUESTION WHETHER SECTION 10(2)(XV) OF THE INCOME TAX ACT WOULD APPLY, TO THE FACTS OF THE PRESENT CASE, THE CASE IS, IN OUR OPINION, WELL WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF SECTION 10(1) OF THE INCOME T AX ACT. THE APPELLANT HERE IS BEING ASSESSED IN RESPECT OF THE PROFITS AND GAINS OF ITS BUSINESS AND THE PROFITS AND GAINS OF THE BUSINESS CANNOT BE DETERMINED UNLE SS AND UNTIL THE EXPENSES OR THE OBLIGATIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN INCURRED ARE SET OF F AGAINST THE RECEIPTS. THE EXPRESSION ' PROFITS AND GAINS ' HAS TO BE UNDERSTO OD IN ITS COMMERCIAL SENSE AND THERE CAN BE NO COMPUTATION OF SUCH PROFITS AND GAINS UNTIL THE EXPENDITURE WHICH IS NECESSARY FOR THE PURPOSE OF EARNING THE R ECEIPTS IS DEDUCTED THEREFROM WHETHER THE EXPENDITURE IS ACTUALLY INCURRED OR THE LIABILITY IN RESPECT THEREOF HAS ACCRUED EVEN THOUGH IT MAY HAVE TO BE DISCHARGE D AT SOME FUTURE DATE. AS WAS OBSERVED BY LORD HERSCHELL IN RUSSEL V. TOWN AN D COUNTY BANK LTD.: ' THE DUTY IS TO BE CHARGED UPON ' A SUM NOT LESS T HAN THE FULL AMOUNT OF THE BALANCE OF THE PROFITS OR GAINS OF THE TRADE, MANUF ACTURE, ADVENTURE, OR CONCERN; AND IT APPEARS TO ME THAT THAT LANGUAGE IMPLIES THA T FOR THE PURPOSE OF ARRIVING AT THE BALANCE OF PROFITS ALL THAT EXPENDITURE WHIC H IS NECESSARY FOR THE PURPOSE OF EARNING THE RECEIPTS MUST BE DEDUCTED, OTHERWISE YOU DO NOT ARRIVE AT THE BALANCE OF PROFITS, INDEED, YOU DO NOT ASCERTAIN, A ND CANNOT ASCERTAIN, WHETHER THERE IS SUCH A THING AS PROFIT OR NOT. THE PROFIT OF A TRADE OR BUSINESS IS THE SURPLUS BY WHICH THE RECEIPTS FROM THE TRADE OR BUS INESS EXCEED THE EXPENDITURE NECESSARY FOR THE PURPOSE OF EARNING THOSE RECEIPTS . THAT SEEMS TO ME TO BE THE MEANING OF THE WORD ' PROFITS ' IN RELATION TO ANY TRADE OR BUSINESS. UNLESS AND UNTIL YOU HAVE ASCERTAINED THAT THERE IS SUCH A BAL ANCE, NOTHING EXISTS TO WHICH THE NAME ' PROFITS ' CAN PROPERLY BE APPLIED.' A SIMILAR OPINION WAS EXPRESSED IN GRESHAM LIFE AS SURANCE SOCIETY V. STYLES: ' WHEN WE SPEAK OF THE PROFITS AND GAINS OF A TRADE R WE MEAN THAT WHICH HE HAD MADE BY HIS TRADING. WHETHER THERE BE SUCH A THING AS PROFIT OR GAIN CAN ONLY BE ASCERTAINED BY SETTING AGAINST THE RECEIPTS THE EXP ENDITURE OR OBLIGATIONS TO WHICH THEY HAVE GIVEN RISE. ' 8 THESE ARE NO DOUBT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE ENGLISH CA SES DEALING WITH ENGLISH STATUTES OF INCOME TAX, BUT THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES WHICH CAN BE DEDUCED THEREFROM ARE, NEVERTHELESS, APPLICABLE HERE AND IT WAS STATED BY LORD MACMILLAN IN PONDICHERRY RAILWAY CO. LTD. V. COMMIS SIONER OF INCOME TAX : ' ENGLISH AUTHORITIES CAN ONLY BE UTILISED WITH CAU TION IN THE CONSIDERATION OF INDIAN INCOME TAX CASES OWING TO THE DIFFERENCES IN THE RELEVANT LEGISLATION, BUT THE PRINCIPLE LAID DOWN BY LORD CHANCELLOR HALSBURY IN GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY V. STYLES, IS OF GENERAL APPLICAT ION UNAFFECTED BY THE SPECIALTIES OF THE ENGLISH TAX SYSTEM. 'THE THING T O BE TAXED', SAID HIS LORDSHIP, ' IS THE AMOUNT OF PROFITS OR GAINS'. THE WORD PROF ITS', I THINK, IS TO BE UNDERSTOOD IN ITS NATURAL AND PROPER SENSE IN A SENSE WHICH NO COMMERCIAL MAN WOULD MISUNDERSTAND.' IT MAY BE USEFUL TO OBSERVE AT THIS STAGE THAT PRIO R TO THE AMENDMENT OF THE INDIAN INCOME TAX ACT, 1939, BAD AND DOUBTFUL DEBTS WERE NOT TREATED AS DEDUCTIBLE ALLOWANCE FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPUTATION OF PROFITS OR GAINS OF A BUSINESS. THE PRIVY COUNCIL IN INCOME TAX COMMISSIO NER V. CHITNAVIS OBSERVED : ' ALTHOUGH THE ACT NOWHERE IN TERMS AUTHORISES THE DEDUCTION OF BAD DEBTS OF A BUSINESS, SUCH A DEDUCTION IS NECESSARILY ALLOWABLE . WHAT ARE CHARGEABLE TO INCOME TAX IN RESPECT OF A BUSINESS ARE THE PROFITS AND GAINS OF A YEAR; AND IN ASSESSING THE AMOUNT OF THE PROFITS AND GAINS OF A YEAR ACCOUNT MUST NECESSARILY BE TAKEN OF ALL LOSSES INCURRED, OTHERWISE YOU WOUL D NOT ARRIVE AT THE TRUE PROFITS AND GAINS.' THE HIGH COURT IN DISALLOWING THE CLAIM OF THE APPE LLANT IN THE PRESENT CASE ONLY CONSIDERED THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 10(2)(XV) OF T HE ACT AND CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT ON A STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THOSE PROVISIONS THE SUM OF RS.24,809 WAS NOT AN ALLOWABLE DEDUCTION. ITS ATTEN TION WAS DRAWN BY THE LEARNED COUNSEL FOR THE APPELLANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 10(I) OF THE ACT ALSO BUT IT NEGATIVED THIS ARGUMENT OBSERVING THAT UNDER THE INDIAN ACT, THE PROFITS MUST BE DETERMINED BY THE METHOD OF MAKING THE STATUTORY DEDUCTIONS FROM THE RECEIPTS AND ANY DEDUCTION FROM THE BUSINE SS RECEIPTS, IF IT WAS TO BE ALLOWED, MUST BE BROUGHT UNDER ONE OR THE OTHER OF THE DEDUCTIONS MENTIONED IN SECTION 10(2) AND THAT THERE WAS NO SCOPE FOR ANY P RELIMINARY DEDUCTION UNDER GENERAL PRINCIPLES. IT WAS, HOWEVER, HELD BY THIS C OURT IN BADRIDAS DAGA V. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX : ' IT IS TO BE NOTED THAT WHILE SECTION 10(I) IMPOSE S A CHARGE ON THE PROFITS OR GAINS OF A TRADE, IT DOES NOT PROVIDE HOW THOSE PRO FITS ARE TO BE COMPUTED. SECTION 10(2) ENUMERATES VARIOUS ITEMS WHICH ARE AD MISSIBLE AS DEDUCTIONS, BUT IT IS WELL SETTLED THAT THEY ARE NOT EXHAUSTIVE OF ALL ALLOWANCES WHICH COULD BE MADE IN ASCERTAINING PROFITS TAXABLE UNDER SECTION 10(I). ' VENKATARAMA AIYAR, J., WHO DELIVERED THE JUDGMENT O F THE COURT THEN PROCEEDED TO DISCUSS THE CASES OF COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX V. CHITNAVIS, GRESHAM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY V. STYLES AND PONDICHERRY RAILWAY CO. V. INCOME TAX COMMISSIONER, AND OBSERVED : ' THE RESULT IS THAT WHEN A CLAIM IS MADE FOR A DED UCTION FOR WHICH THERE IS NO SPECIFIC PROVISION IN SECTION 10(2), WHETHER IT IS ADMISSIBLE OR NOT WILL DEPEND ON WHETHER, HAVING REGARD TO ACCEPTED COMMERCIAL PRACT ICE AND TRADING PRINCIPLES, IT CAN BE SAID TO ARISE OUT OF THE CARRYING ON OF T HE BUSINESS AND TO BE INCIDENTAL TO IT. IF THAT IS ESTABLISHED, THEN THE DEDUCTION M UST BE ALLOWED, PROVIDED OF COURSE THERE IS NO PROHIBITION AGAINST IT, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN THE ACT. TURNING NOW TO THE FACTS OF THE PRESENT CASE, WE FI ND THAT THE SUM OF RS.24,809 REPRESENTED THE ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE WHICH HAD TO BE INCURRED BY THE APPELLANT IN DISCHARGING A LIABILITY WHICH IT HAD ALREADY UND ERTAKEN UNDER THE TERMS OF THE DEEDS OF SALE OF THE LANDS IN QUESTION AND WAS AN A CCRUED LIABILITY WHICH ACCORDING TO THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING TH E APPELLANT WAS ENTITLED TO 9 DEBIT IN ITS BOOKS OF ACCOUNT FOR THE ACCOUNTING YE AR AS AGAINST THE RECEIPTS OF RS.43,692-II-9 WHICH REPRESENTED THE SALE PROCEEDS OF THE SAID LANDS. EVEN UNDER SECTION 10(2) OF THE INCOME TAX ACT, IT MIGHT POSSI BLY BE URGED THAT THE WORD ' EXPENDED ' WAS CAPABLE OF BEING INTERPRETED AS ' EX PENDABLE ' OR ' TO BE EXPENDED ' AT LEAST IN A CASE WHERE A LIABILITY TO INCUR THE SAID EXPENSES HAD BEEN ACTUALLY INCURRED BY THE ASSESSEE WHO ADOPTED THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING AND THE DEBIT OF RS.24,809 WAS THUS A PR OPER DEBIT IN THE PRESENT CASE. WE NEED NOT HOW EVER BASE OUR DECISION ON ANY SUCH CONSIDERATION. WE ARE DEFINITELY OF OPINION THAT THE SUM OF RS.24,809 REP RESENTED THE ESTIMATED AMOUNT WHICH WOULD HAVE TO BE EXPENDED BY THE APPELLANT IN THE COURSE OF CARRYING ON ITS BUSINESS AND WAS INCIDENTAL TO THE SAME AND HAV ING REGARD TO THE ACCEPTED COMMERCIAL PRACTICE AND TRADING PRINCIPLES WAS A DE DUCTION WHICH, IF THERE WAS NO SPECIFIC PROVISION FOR IT UNDER SECTION 10(2) OF THE ACT, WAS CERTAINLY ALLOWABLE DEDUCTION, IN ARRIVING AT THE PROFITS AND GAINS OF THE BUSINESS OF THE APPELLANT UNDER SECTION 10(I) OF THE ACT, THERE BEI NG NO PROHIBITION AGAINST IT, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN THE ACT. IT IS TO BE NOTED THAT THE APPELLANT HAD LED EVIDEN CE BEFORE THE INCOME TAX AUTHORITIES IN REGARD TO THIS ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE OF RS.24,809 AND NO EXCEPTION WAS TAKEN TO THE SAME IN REGARD TO THE QUANTUM, THO UGH THE PERMISSIBILITY OF SUCH A DEDUCTION WAS QUESTIONED BY THEM RELYING UPO N THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 10(2) OF THE ACT. IT, THEREFORE, FOLLOWS THAT THE CONCLUSION REACHED BY THE HIGH COURT IN REGARD TO THE DISALLOWANCE OF RS.24,809 WAS WRONG AND IT SHOU LD HAVE ANSWERED THE REFERRED QUESTION IN THE AFFIRMATIVE. 9. THE HONBLE SUPREME COURT IN THE CASE OF ROTORK INDIA PVT. LTD. VS. CIT REPORTED IN 314 ITR 63 HAS HELD AS UNDER : HELD, REVERSING THE DECISION OF THE HIGH COURT, TH AT THE VALUE ACTUATORS, MANUFACTURED BY THE ASSESSEE, WERE SOPHISTICATED GO ODS AND STATISTICAL DATA INDICATED THAT EVERY YEAR SOME OF THESE WERE FOUND EFFECTIVE; THAT VALUE ACTUATOR BEING A SOPHISTICATED ITEM NO CUSTOMER WAS PREPARED TO BUY A VALUE ACTUATOR WITHOUT A WARRANTY. THEREFORE, THE WARRANTY BECAME AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE SALE PRICE; IN OTHER WORDS, THE WARRANTY STOOD ATTACHED TO THE SALE PRICE OF THE PRODUCT. IN THIS CASE THE WARRANTY PROVISIONS HAD TO BE RECOGNISED BECAUSE THE ASSESSEE HAD A PRESENT OBLIGATION AS A RESULT OF PA ST EVENTS RESULTING IN AN OUTFLOW OF RESOURCES AND A RELIABLE ESTIMATE COULD BE MADE OF THE AMOUNT OF THE OBLIGATION. THEREFORE, THE ASSESSEE HAD INCURRED A LIABILITY DURING THE ASSESSMENT YEAR WHICH WAS ENTITLED TO DEDUCTION UND ER SECTION 37 OF THE INCOME- TAX ACT, 1961. THE PRESENT VALUE OF A CONTINGENT LIABILITY, LIKE T HE WARRANTY EXPENSE, IF PROPERLY ASCERTAINED AND DISCOUNTED ON ACCRUAL BASI S CAN BE AN ITEM OF DEDUCTION UNDER SECTION 37. THE PRINCIPLE OF ESTIM ATION OF THE CONTINGENT LIABILITY IS NOT THE NORMAL RULE. IT WOULD DEPEND O N THE NATURE OF THE BUSINESS, THE NATURE OF SALES, THE NATURE OF THE PRODUCT MANUFACT URED AND SOLD AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF ACCOUNTING ADOPTED BY THE ASSE SSEE. IT WOULD ALSO DEPEND UPON THE HISTORICAL TREND AND UPON THE NUMBER OF AR TICLES PRODUCED. A PROVISION IS A LIABILITY WHICH CAN BE MEASURED ON LY BY USING A SUBSTANTIAL DEGREE OF ESTIMATION. A PROVISION IS R ECOGNISED WHEN (A) AN ENTERPRISE HAS A PRESENT OBLIGATION AS A RESULT OF A PAST EVENT; (B) IT IS PROBABLE THAT AN OUTFLOW OF RESOURCES WILL BE REQUIRED TO SE TTLE THE OBLIGATION, AND (C) A RELIABLE ESTIMATE CAN BE MADE OF THE AMOUNT OF THE OBLIGATION. IF THESE CONDITIONS ARE NOT MET, NO PROVISION CAN BE RECOGNI SED. 10 THE PRINCIPLE IS THAT IF THE HISTORICAL TREND INDIC ATES THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF SOPHISTICATED GOODS WERE BRING MANUFACTURED IN T HE PAST AND THE FACTS SHOW THAT DEFECTS EXISTED IN SOME OF THE ITEMS MANUFACTU RED AND SOLD, THEN PROVISION MADE FOR WARRANTY IN RESPECT OF SUCH SOPHISTICATED GOODS WOULD BE ENTITLED TO DEDUCTION FROM THE GROSS RECEIPTS UNDER SECTION 37. 10. FROM THE DETAILS FURNISHED BY THE ASSESSEE WE F IND THAT ALTHOUGH THE ASSESSEE HAS SUBMITTED THE LIST OF JOB WORK OPERATO RS TO WHOM PAYMENTS WERE MADE IN TWO SUBSEQUENT FINANCIAL YEARS FOR MOD IFICATION, HOWEVER, THE ASSESSING OFFICER HAS MISSED TO NOTE SUCH PAYMENTS MADE IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS. FURTHER, THE SUBMISSION OF THE ASSESSEE THA T MOST OF THE JOB OPERATORS WERE PAID LESS THAN ` 50,000/- FOR WHICH NO TDS IS REQUIRED HAS ALSO NOT BEEN CONSIDERED. WE, THEREFORE, RESTORE THE ISSUE TO THE FILE OF THE ASSESSING OFFICER WITH A DIRECTION TO VERIFY THE PA YMENTS MADE IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS TO VARIOUS JOB WORKERS. SINCE THE ASSESSEE HAS MADE A PROVISION FOR SUCH WARRANTY ON ESTIMATE BASIS WHICH IS HIGHER THAN THE ACTUAL PAYMENTS IN THE TWO SUBSEQUENT YEARS, THEREF ORE, THE ASSESSING OFFICER SHALL DECIDE THE REASONABLE AMOUNT OF ESTIM ATED LIABILITY WHICH HAS SUBSEQUENTLY BEEN PAID BY THE ASSESSEE AND DECIDE T HE ISSUE AFRESH AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH LAW KEEPING IN MIND THE DECISIONS O F HONBLE SUPREME COURT CITED ABOVE. NEEDLESS TO SAY THE ASSESSING O FFICER SHALL GIVE DUE OPPORTUNITY OF BEING HEARD TO THE ASSESSEE. WE HOL D AND DIRECT ACCORDINGLY. THE GROUNDS RAISED BY THE ASSESSEE ARE ACCORDINGLY ALLOWED FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES. 11. IN THE RESULT, THE APPEAL FILED BY THE ASSESSEE IS ALLOWED FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES. PRONOUNCED IN THE OPEN COURT ON THIS, THE 19 TH DAY OF MARCH 2013. SD/- SD/- (SHAILENDRA KUMAR YADAV) (R.K. P ANDA) JUDICIAL MEMBER ACCOUNTANT MEMBER PUNE, DATED THE 19 TH MARCH 2013 SATISH 11 COPY OF THE ORDER IS FORWARDED TO : 1. THE ASSESSEE 2. THE DEPARTMENT 3. THE CIT(A)-I, PUNE 4. CIT-I, PUNE 5. D.R. B BENCH, PUNE 6. GUARD FILE BY ORDER // TRUE COPY // SENI OR PRIVATE SECRETARY, INCOME TAX APPELLATE TRIBUNAL, PUNE